Eczema is a skin condition that causes red, itchy, and inflamed patches on the skin. There are several different types of eczema, each with its own unique symptoms and triggers. Cases can range from mild to very severe. It is possible to have more than one type at a time. Understanding the different types of eczema can help you identify the best treatment options for your specific condition.

You should always have eczema symptoms diagnosed by your doctor, who should be able to give you an indication of what type of eczema you have, and which treatment options are most suitable.

What is Eczema?

Eczema is a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation and irritation of the skin. It is characterised by red, itchy, and dry patches that can appear anywhere on the body. Eczema is not contagious and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental triggers, and immune system dysfunction. While there is no cure for eczema, there are many treatment options available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Types of Eczema

There are several types of eczema, each with its own unique symptoms and triggers. Understanding the type of eczema you have is important in determining the most effective treatment plan.

- Atopic Dermatitis- This is the most common type of eczema. Atopic dermatitis tends to surface in individuals with other allergy-related conditions, like asthma and hay fever. This skin condition often appears in babies but can occur in adults later in life. Although the exact cause is unknown, it occurs when the immune system goes into overdrive in response to an allergen or irritant (environmental or internal). The most common symptoms of atopic dermatitis are- weepy sores, cracked skin (particularly around the hairline/ears), redness, dry skin, scales, and itching.

- Contact Dermatitis- Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema that occurs when the skin comes in direct contact with an irritant. This causes inflammation, painful skin, redness, and possibly a burning sensation. Contact dermatitis tends to occur on the sufferer’s hands. The most common irritants are- smoke, solvents, cleaning products, wool, acidic foods, some soaps, and paint.

- Dyshidrotic Eczema- This type of eczema produces small itchy blisters, usually on a sufferer’s hands or feet. Women are twice as likely as men to have this type of eczema, and it is most likely to start between the ages of 20-40. It is thought to be hereditary. Because of its association with allergies, dyshidrotic eczema tends to appear in Spring. Taking a daily antihistamine, keeping hands clean and dry, and avoiding stress can help. Avoid nickel, cobalt, leather, and paint.

- Nummular Eczema- This type of eczema is also known as discoid eczema. Nummular eczema is often triggered by cold weather or insect bites. It looks different from other types of eczema, so it’s more difficult to diagnose. Sufferers will get itchy ‘coin-shaped’ spots rather than the typical scales associated with eczema.

- Seborrheic Dermatitis- Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic form of eczema, which occurs where there are oily glands, typically on the scalp, face, chest, and upper back. Genes and hormones are thought to play a large part in the cause of seborrheic dermatitis. This is the only form of eczema that is not allergy related. It is more common in men than in women. Seborrheic dermatitis to the scalp can look like dandruff, redness, or greasy scales.

- Stasis Dermatitis- This is also known as gravitational dermatitis or venous eczema. Stasis dermatitis occurs when there’s been a problem with blood flow, and pressure develops. This type of eczema is most likely to appear on your legs. Symptoms include swollen ankles, itching, redness, and pain. In more severe cases, this can lead to infection.

Symptoms of Eczema

The symptoms of eczema can vary depending on the type of eczema a person has. However, common symptoms include red, itchy, and inflamed skin, dry and scaly patches, and small bumps or blisters. In severe cases, eczema can cause oozing and crusting of the skin. It’s important to see a doctor or dermatologist if you suspect you have eczema, as they can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend the best treatment plan for your specific type of eczema.

Causes of Eczema

The exact cause of eczema is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies are more likely to develop eczema. Environmental factors such as exposure to irritants, allergens, and stress can also trigger eczema flare-ups. Understanding the underlying causes of eczema can help in developing an effective treatment plan.

Treatment Options for Eczema

There are several treatment options available for eczema, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Topical creams and ointments, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, can help reduce inflammation and itching. In severe cases, oral medications or light therapy may be recommended. It is also important to identify and avoid triggers that can cause flare-ups, such as certain foods, fabrics, or environmental factors. Working with a doctor or dermatologist can help develop a personalised treatment plan for managing eczema.